فهرست مطالب:

Contents

1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Nutcracker Phenomenon (NCP) and Nutcracker Syndrome (NCS) . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 Prevalence of NCP and NCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4 Left Renal Vein (LRV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5 Diagnostic Techniques and Criteria . . . . . . . .. . . . 57
6 Doppler Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7 CT and MRI Findings . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 89
8 Subtypes of NCP and NCS. . . . . . . . . . . .  . . 105
9 NCP Associated with Congenital Variations of LRV and IVC . . . . . .. . . . 147
10 Postural Variations of NCP and NCS . . . . . . . . . . 161
11 Other Variations of NCP and NCS . . . . . . . . . . 197
12 Severe NCP, Occlusion of LRV . . . . . . . . . . . 211
13 NCP and NCS in Members of the Same Family . . . . . . .. . . 227
14 NCP-Related or Associated Diseases. . . . . . . . . 237
15 Management of NCS. . . . . . . . . . . 255
16 Asymptomatic Hematuria and Proteinuria . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

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