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فهرست مطالب: ABBREVIATIONS..............xiFOREWORD .............xiii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION INTO BACTERIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY ........... 1 1.1. Subject of study ............... 1 1.2. Bacteria in the phylogeny of living organisms and diversity of cell shapes ...............3 1.3. Bacterial evolution ..........7 1.4. Methods of studies of bacterial properties ........ 11 CHAPTER 2. BACTERIAL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONAL CELL STRUCTURES ............23 2.1. Elemental composition ...........23 2.2. Compounds composition ........24 2.3. Bacterial nucleus ...........33 2.4. Cytoplasm .............36 2.5. Plasma membrane ..........44 2.6. Cell wall ...............50 2.7. Flagella, pilus, and fimbria ..............64 2.8. Bacterial capsule ............72 2.9. Endospores ...........77 2.10. Pigments ...............85 CHAPTER 3. BACTERIAL NUTRITION AND GROWTH ............91 3.1. Basic sources of nutrition........91 3.2. Sources of carbon ...........92 3.3. Sources of nitrogen.........94 3.4. Mineral nutrition.............95 3.5. Growth factors................98 3.6. Sources of energy ......... 108 3.7. Transport of compounds across the plasma membrane......110 3.8. Passive transport...........111 3.9. Active transport ............112 3.10. Transport of iron and its regulation.........116 3.11. Transport of proteins ............124 3.12. Group translocation ...............126 3.13. Bacterial growth and multiplication .......127 3.13.1. Growth under conditions of static cultivation.......130 3.13.2. Growth constants...............133 3.13.3. Deviations from normal growth curve .........136 3.14. Multiplication of microorganisms under conditions of continuous (dynamic) cultivation........138 3.15. Synchronous multiplication ...........145 3.16. Bacterial cell cycle ................146 CHAPTER 4. PROCESSES OF CELL DIFFERENTIATION.........151 4.1. Characteristics of differentiation processes......151 4.2. Polar differentiation in species of Caulobacter genus........153 4.3. Differentiation of photosynthetic membranes in facultative phototrophic bacteria.........156 4.4. Formation of heterocyst in cyanobacteria under bound nitrogen deficiency .............157 CHAPTER 5. BACTERIAL METABOLISM .......159 5.1. Energy of biochemical reactions .............160 5.2. Carriers of hydrogen..............163 5.3. Role of ATP and its formation in bacterial cells........166 5.4. Types of phosphorylation ..............173 5.5. Processes of catabolism.........176 5.5.1. Catabolism of carbon compounds and fermentation........177 5.5.1.1. Ethanol fermentation.....179 5.5.1.2. Lactic acid fermentation ........183 5.5.1.3. Pentose sugars fermentation ...........185 5.5.1.4. Propionic acid fermentation pathway ......188 5.5.1.5. Butyric acid fermentation and solvent formation ......190 5.5.1.6. Mixed acid fermentation pathway ...........195 5.5.1.7. Fermentation of sugars and polysaccharides ....198 5.5.2. Anaerobic respiration..........199 5.5.2.1. Nitrate reduction and denitrification ........199 5.5.2.2. Sulfate reduction (desulfurization) ..........202 5.5.2.3. Carbon (IV) oxide reduction to methane ..........208 5.5.3. Aerobic respiration in chemolithotrophic bacteria..210 5.5.3.1. Oxidation of ammonia ...........211 5.5.3.2. Oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds..213 5.5.3.3. Oxidation of iron compounds .........216 5.5.3.4. Oxidation of hydrogen ...........217 5.5.3.5. Oxidation of methane.............218 5.5.4. Aerobic respiration in chemoorganotrophic bacteria.......218 5.5.4.1. Incomplete oxidation of substrate...219 5.5.4.2. Complete oxidation of substrate .....220 5.5.4.3. Oxidation of saccharides and polysaccharides .225 5.5.4.4. Oxidation of lipids ........227 5.5.4.5. Oxidation of hydrocarbons ....229 5.5.5. Catabolism of nitrogenous compounds..........233 5.5.5.1. Dissimilation of proteins and amino acids........233 5.5.5.1.1. Anaerobic degradation (amino acid fermentation).......233 5.5.5.1.2. Aerobic (oxidative) catabolism of amino acids.......240 5.5.6. Catabolism of heterocyclic compounds .........246 5.5.6.1. Fermentation of heterocyclic compounds.........246 5.5.6.2. Oxidation of heterocyclic compounds .....249 5.6. Processes of anabolism (biosynthesis) .............251 5.6.1. Biosynthesis of saccharides..........251 5.6.2. Biosynthesis of lipids ..........259 5.6.3. Consumption of CO2 by heterotrophic bacteria ......265 5.6.4. Fixation of molecular nitrogen.....268 5.6.5. Biosynthesis of amino acids.........269 5.6.6. Biosynthesis of nucleotides..........278 5.6.7. Biosynthesis of nucleic acids .......282 5.6.8. Biosynthesis of proteins ......285 5.7. Regulation of metabolism process ..........291 5.7.1. Regulation of enzyme synthesis............292 5.7.2. Regulation of enzymatic activity ..........297 5.7.3. Specifics of regulation mechanisms......298 5.7.4. Regulation of energetic metabolism......300 5.8. Metabolism of phototrophic bacteria ...... 301 5.8.1. Photolithotrophs ......... 301 5.8.2. Photoorganotrophs ..............305 CHAPTER 6. GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS IN NATURE ........311 6.1. Microorganisms as part of the ecosystem ........311 6.2. Physiological role of microorganisms in ecosystems.........313 6.3. Intercellular and internal population interactions and quorum-sensing regulation of gene expression ...........315 6.4. Luminescent bacteria and bioluminescence.....319 CHAPTER 7. EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON BACTERIAL CELLS ..............325 7.1. Effect of external factors on bacteria.......325 7.2. Mechanisms of the effect of environmental factors ...........328 7.2.1. Physical factors ..........328 7.2.2. Chemical factors.........335 7.2.3. Chemotherapeutics..............345 7.3. Antibiotics and their mechanisms of action .....348 7.3.1. Antibiotics inhibiting cell wall synthesis .......348 7.3.2. Antibiotics disrupting the plasma membrane..........353 7.3.3. Antibiotics disturbing the metabolism of nucleic acids ...354 7.3.4. Antibiotics inhibiting protein synthesis .........355 7.3.5. Antibiotics affecting phosphorylation process........358 RECOMMENDED REFERENCES ..............361 INDEX .............363 فهرست به فارسی (ترجمه ماشینی): اختصارات..............xi مشخصات فایل |
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| عنوان (Title): | Bacterial Physiology and Biochemistry |
| نام فایل (File name): | 1030-www.GeneProtocols.ir-Bacterial Physiology and Biochemistry-Academic Press (2023).pdf |
| عنوان فارسی (Title in Persian): |
فیزیولوژی و بیوشیمی باکتری ها
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| ایجاد کننده: | Ivan Kushkevych |
| زبان (Language): | انگلیسی English |
| سال انتشار: | 2023 |
| شابک ISBN: | 9780443187384 |
| نوع سند (Doc. type): | کتاب |
| فرمت (File extention): | |
| حجم فایل (File size): | 31.1 مگابایت |
| تعداد صفحات (Book length in pages): | 382 |
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